I've got a fair grasp of logic and the language, I think. I'm not intentionally belittling you, so extend me the same courtesy. If it is true to say, "All my pets are aliens.", It is similarly true to say, "My friend Shawna's middle-name is Xavier." Both statements bear an implication, an assumption, a predicate, an element which, left un-satisfied, makes it impossible to assign the statement a simple value of true or false. Neither statement is true. Both are null. If I have pets, they are cats and birds. If I don't have pets, statements about attributes of my pets are neither true nor false, they are inapplicable. And, my friend Shawna doesn't have a middle name, any more than I have a pet non-existent alien. I am ~not~ arguing for a third state in Zendo. I am arguing ~against~ interpreting null as true or false. I agree that Masters can and should adjust their rules on-the-fly as necessary in order to keep koans in two clearly exclusive sets. --David